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unix

OverTheWire: Bandit Level 25 to Level 26

Level goal: Logging in to bandit26 from bandit25 should be fairly easy… The shell for user bandit26 is not /bin/bash, but something else. Find out what it is, how it works and how to break out of it.

Indeed, logging in is easy, simply run the usual command which allow you to login using SSH key instead of login credentials

ssh -i bandit26.sshkey bandit26@localhost

bandit25_1

However, after you logged into bandit26, you will be logged out immediately, “Connection to localhost closed.”

As hinted by the question, let’s take a look at the bash used by bandit26,

bandit25@melinda:~$ cat /etc/passwd | grep bandit26
 bandit26:x:11026:11026:bandit level 26:/home/bandit26:/usr/bin/showtext

Instead of /bin/bash, bandit26 is using /usr/bin/showtext, which is apparently not a shell. Let’s look at the content of the file

bandit25@melinda:~$ cat /usr/bin/showtext
 #!/bin/sh
 more ~/text.txt
 exit 0

The way to obtain the password for this level is extremely creative, I salute the team who designed this portion of the challenge, it’s really good.

As we know, we will be logged out immediately after we gain access to the server using the SSH key. The way to get the level 27 password is to gain access to the file before your shell gets terminated.

Think about it, how can that be possibly done? The hint is that you are able to “log in” to the system, just that when it spawns a shell, it terminates the shell immediately – the exact code is “exit 0” as we have see in the showtext “shell”.

Here’s the solution:

First, minimize your terminal so that when you are logged into bandit26 via ssh command, the large “bandit26” ASCII art banner will force a “more” message to prompt you to continue the output. You may refer to the screenshot as an illustraton of how I have minimized my terminal,

bandit25_2

ssh -i bandit26.sshkey -t bandit26@localhost cat text.txt

bandit25_3

Now that you have forces the terminal to prompt you to continue the display via “more” or “–More–(50%)” in this case, press “v” to enter “vim”, a built-in text editor on Unix machines. You will see the output as per below,

bandit25_4

Now, press “:e /etc/bandit_pass/bandit26” to edit the password file of bandit26.

bandit25_5

There you go, you have the password to proceed to level 27!!

Let’s review what we have done. We have forces the terminal to display a “more” output, where we can open a VIM text editor and open the password file of bandit26 using the file opening command within the VIM text editor. We are able to open this password file containing the bandit26 password because we have logged into the bandit26 account and this is right before the “exit 0” portion of the code boot us out from the machine.

The password to gain access to the next level is 5czgV9L3Xx8JPOyRbXh6lQbmIOWvPT6Z. However, level 27 is not up yet, therefore level 26 is the final bandit challenge as of now.

OverTheWire: Bandit Level 24 to Level 25

Level goal: A daemon is listening on port 30002 and will give you the password for bandit25 if given the password for bandit24 and a secret numeric 4-digit pincode. There is no way to retrieve the pincode except by going through all of the 10000 combinations, called brute-forcing.

bandit24_2

The following is my script to perform this brute-forcing techqnies,

#!/bin/bash

pass24=UoMYTrfrBFHyQXmg6gzctqAwOmw1IohZ

pin=0

while [ $pin -lt 10000 ]; do

echo “Attempting PIN: $pin”

attempt=”$(echo $pass24 $pin | nc localhost 30002)”

if ! [[ $attempt == *”Wrong!”* ]]; then

echo -ne “$attempt”

break

fi

((pin++))

done

The script will iterate through each possible PIN to perform brute forcing in identifying the secret pincode of bandit25.

bandit24_1

The password to gain access to the next level is uNG9O58gUE7snukf3bvZ0rxhtnjzSGzG.

OverTheWire: Bandit Level 23 to Level 24

Level goal: A program is running automatically at regular intervals from cron, the time-based job scheduler. Look in /etc/cron.d/ for the configuration and see what command is being executed.

NOTE: This level requires you to create your own first shell-script. This is a very big step and you should be proud of yourself when you beat this level!

NOTE 2: Keep in mind that your shell script is removed once executed, so you may want to keep a copy around…

As usual for levels which require us to write, you have to create your own file directory in /tmp and then create a script which output the password file there, and then move it over to the /var/spool/$myname directory

bandit23_2

Script:

#!/bin/sh
cat /etc/bandit_pass/bandit24 >> /tmp/kongwenbin23/bandit24pass

Important: remember to change the permission of your script before copying it to the /var/spool/bandit24 folder or it will not be run by the bandit24 account. It took me a few tries to notice it.

bandit23_3

The scripts in /var/spool/bandit24 will be run once and then purged away every minute.

bandit23_4

The password to gain access to the next level is UoMYTrfrBFHyQXmg6gzctqAwOmw1IohZ.

—-

Fun fact: you can solve this level using the exact same method as the previous level, must have been a “loophole”…

bandit23_1

OverTheWire: Bandit Level 22 to Level 23

Level goal: A program is running automatically at regular intervals from cron, the time-based job scheduler. Look in /etc/cron.d/ for the configuration and see what command is being executed.

NOTE: Looking at shell scripts written by other people is a very useful skill. The script for this level is intentionally made easy to read. If you are having problems understanding what it does, try executing it to see the debug information it prints

bandit22_1

Like what we have done in the previous level, let’s navigate to the /etc/cron.d path and check the cronjob files.

Notice that cronjob_bandit23 is will be running the /usr/bin/cronjob_bandit23.sh script? Let’s view its content.

bandit22@melinda:/etc/cron.d$ cat /usr/bin/cronjob_bandit23.sh
#!/bin/bash

myname=$(whoami)
mytarget=$(echo I am user $myname | md5sum | cut -d ' ' -f 1)

echo "Copying passwordfile /etc/bandit_pass/$myname to /tmp/$mytarget"

cat /etc/bandit_pass/$myname > /tmp/$mytarget

 

Yes, you have guessed correct. When this script is being run, it will write the currently logged-on user’s password into a file.

bandit22_2

The file name is basically a md5 hash of “echo I am user bandit22 | md5sum | cut –d ‘ ‘ –f 1”

Since we need the password of bandit23, let’s manually run the hash and use its hash as the directory name. The password might be there, provided that someone with the bandit23 credentials has already ran this script (they probably have).

bandit22_3

The password to gain access to the next level is jc1udXuA1tiHqjIsL8yaapX5XIAI6i0n.

OverTheWire: Bandit Level 21 to Level 22

Level goal: A program is running automatically at regular intervals from cron, the time-based job scheduler. Look in /etc/cron.d/ for the configuration and see what command is being executed

This level is very simple, as hinted by the clue, just navigate to the /etc/cron.d directory and look for the files, you will noticed the cronjob_bandit22 files.

When opened to view the content of the cronjob, it seems that the job basically triggers a script located at /usr/bin/cronjob_bandit22.sh

bandit21_3

To more accurately grep the files and read its content, we can perform the following grep,

ls -l | grep cronjob

Below are the list of files.

bandit21_2

Since cronjob_bandit22.sh is the only file which is related to this level, let’s view its content.

bandit21@melinda:/usr/bin$ cat cronjob_bandit22.sh
#!/bin/bash
chmod 644 /tmp/t7O6lds9S0RqQh9aMcz6ShpAoZKF7fgv
cat /etc/bandit_pass/bandit22 > /tmp/t7O6lds9S0RqQh9aMcz6ShpAoZKF7fgv

Now we know that the password is stored in the /tmp/t7O6lds9S0RqQh9aMcz6ShpAoZKF7fgv

bandit21_3

bandit21@melinda:/usr/bin$ cat /tmp/t7O6lds9S0RqQh9aMcz6ShpAoZKF7fgv
Yk7owGAcWjwMVRwrTesJEwB7WVOiILLI

The password to gain access to the next level is Yk7owGAcWjwMVRwrTesJEwB7WVOiILLI.